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 Cell Biology
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· THE CELL
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 Cancer & Cell Death
 Glossary A
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 Glossary C
 Glossary D
 Glossary E
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Over its brief 30-year history, cell biology has matured into a vigorous and rapidly expanding discipline. Today, it forms an essential bridge between important basic fields such as biochemistry, developmental biology, physiology, neurobiology, molecular genetics, immunobiology and microbiology. Since cell biology focuses on the functions of cells in diverse contexts, it also provides a natural connection between basic biological research and medicine.

CONTENTS
The Cell  / Cellular Chemistry / Nucleus and Chromosomes / Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis / Cell Membranes / Protein and Vesicular Traffic / Receptors and Second  Messengers / Energy, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts / Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement / Extracellular Matrix and Cell-Cell Interactions / The Cell Cycle / Cancer and Cell Death / Development and Differentiation / Gene Expression in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes / Techniques in Cell Biology / Answers to Self-Testing Questions / Glossary

 about Organelles

Cell Biology - Topics by organelle system, as part of the interactive learning program at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.

Golgi Apparatus - Introduction to the intracelullar post office, and it's functions, with electron micrograph, from school student in UK.

Golgi Bodies - Electron micrographs, cartoons and explanations of endoplasmic reticulum, the apparatus and their function, from The Natural Toxins Reaseach Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville.

Malhotra Lab - Studies vesicular transport and Golgi apparatus at the cellular and molecular level. Includes biochemistry, histology and micrographs performed in La Jolla, CA.

Neurohistology Lab - Nucleus, cytoplasm, neuroglia, neuronal processes and fiber terminations of nerves, with flash-dependent electron micrographs, and explanation of their function from the Computer Assisted Teaching System of the University of Vermont, Burlington.

Peroxins - Introduction to the function, phylogenetics and association with human peroxisome biogenesis disorders, and access to an annotated database of Peroxins, and link to cv of author in Nottingham, UK.

The Cell - The structural components and their cellular functions; centrosome, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex, lisosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, vacuoles, cilium andflagellum, with illustrations of the cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic membrane, from

The Peroxisome Website - Information about the peroxisome and associated disorders for people of all scientific backgrounds, from patients to scientists.

Links about  Cell Membrane and Adhesion:

CEA The Carcinoembryonic Antigen Family - Comprehensive structural and immunological information on membrane-bound proteins involved in adhesion. Includes molecule cartoons of human, mouse, rat and other species. Details of conference in Frauenchiemsee, Germany.

Cell Junctions - Adhesion and desmosomes research at New York University School of Medicine.

Green, Kathleen J. - Overview of research on adhesion, its role in embryogenesis, differentiation and wound healing. Includes research opportunities, training at Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL.

Integrin - Family of transmembrane proteins involved in the extracellular matrix. Includes classification, ligands, structure images, realted links, discussion forum and guest book.

Thorkild's Lectin Page - Resources introducing the lectins, and research devoted their functions, maintained at University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

dictyBase - Dictyostelium discoideum as a model for cellular development, chemotaxis, motility, cytokinesis defects, phagocytosis and functional genomics, at the Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL. 







Topic 8
Energy, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast
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  • 1. Mitochondia

    These organelles are the power houses of the cell and contain the molecular machinery for the conversion of energy from the breakdown of glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. The energy stored in the high energy phosphate bonds of ATP is then available to power cellular functions. Mitochondria are mostly protein, but some lipid, DNA and RNA are present. The unique structure of these organelles can be seen under the electron microscope. These generally spherical organelles have an outer membrane surrounding an inner membrane that folds (cristae) into a scaffolding for oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport enzymes. Most mitochondria have flat shelf-like cristae, but those in steroid secreting cells may have tubular cristae. The mitochondiral matrix contains the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial nucleic acids. Mitochondiral DNA is double standed and circular. Mitochndrial RNA comes in the three standard varieties; ribosomal, messenger and transfer, but each is specific to the mitochondria. Some protein synthesis occurs in the mitochondria on mitochondrial ribosomes that are different than cytoplasmic ribosomes. Other mitochondrial proteins are made on cytoplasmic ribosomes with a signal peptide that directs them to the mitochondria. The metabolic activity of the cell is related to the number of cristae and the number of mitochondria within a cell. Cells with alot of metabolic activity, such as heart muscle, have many well developed mitochondria. New mitochondria are formed from preexisting mitochondria when they grow and divide.




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